The unbranched alkanes methane, ethane, propane, and butane are gases. Since alkanes have only a single bond between carbon atoms, they permit. Branched alkanes normally exhibit lower boiling points than unbranched alkanes of the same carbon content. Hydrocarbon hydrocarbon nomenclature of alkenes and alkynes. Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons.
Alkanes is hydrocarbon compound with one single bond. The alkanes are saturated hydrocarbonsthat is, hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. Hydrocarbons di er primarily in the functional group. Compound composed of only carbon and hydrogen and single bonds.
The complete structural and molecular formula for a variety of hydrocarbons. All alkanes are named with a suffix ane and first part of name is the number of carbon atoms in the chain. They are the basic hydrocarbons and the starting points for understanding the chemistry of other, more complex molecules. Alkanes contain only single bonds, which means they are saturated with hydrogen atoms. Saturated hydrocarbons are the simplest of the hydrocarbon species. We began our study of organic chemistry in chapter 4 covalent bonding and simple molecular compounds with the hydrocarbons the simplest organic compound, composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms only. Cracking and alkenes crude oil, hydrocarbons and alkanes.
Identify and name simple straightchain alkanes given formulas and write formulas for straightchain alkanes given their names. These effects depend on the size of the hydrocarbon molecules. Alkanes can be divided into two main groups of compounds. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. All uses of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes in industry and. He spent the next several years developing this technique and passing it on to others through university organic. Hydrocarbon nomenclature of alkenes and alkynes britannica. Natural gas mainly consists of methane, ethane and small amounts of propane.
However, ignoring financial considerations, alkanes can be prepared from the following compounds. Alkanes and alkenes see online here the hydrocarbons are organic compounds classi. Hydrocarbons are molecules that consist of carbon and hydrogen only. Alkanes react with halogens by substituting one or more halogen atoms for hydrogen atoms to form halogenated hydrocarbons. Strain dq8 was assigned to the genus pseudomonas aeruginosa based on biochemical and genetic data.
These are organic molecules that consist only of hydrogen and carbon atoms in a treeshaped structure acyclic or not a ring. Propane is the main component of liquified gas which, compressed in steel bottles, is being used as heating fuel. The densities of alkanes increase with increasing molecular masses but become constant at about 0. Hydrocarbons that contain rings or double bonds are called unsaturated hydrocarbons, which are the opposite of saturated hydrocarbons. The liquid hydrocarbons themselves are good solvents for other nonpolar organic molecules. The physical properties of alkenes and alkynes are generally similar to those of alkanes or cycloalkanes with equal numbers of carbon atoms. It also produces high proportions of branched alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene. Jan 23, 2017 simple alkenes are hydrocarbons, but you can also have substituted alkenes just as you can have substituted alkanes. Alkynes contain one or more carboncarbon triple bonds.
Theyre used as fuel with the purpose of heating and cooking. Alkanes are sometimes called saturated hydrocarbons, meaning that all of the carbons atoms that make up the molecule are single bonded to other atoms. As for the alkenes, it has for the very least double bonds compared to alkanes single bond. Cracking of alkanes cracking is a form of thermal decomposition, which breaks long chain hydrocarbons, many of which are not very useful, into shorter molecules by heating them. The combustion of hydrocarbons is a primary source of energy for our society. Hydrocarbons with only carbontocarbon single bonds cc and existing as a continuous chain of carbon atoms also bonded to hydrogen. Petrol and other fuels are produced from it using fractional distillation. Hydrocarbons are usually divided in four main groups. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are divided into three main groups according to the types of bonds they contain. Hydrocarbons alkanes, alkenes and alkynes chemical formula. Alkanes saturated hydrocarbons by the end of this unit students should be able to. In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon. In this video, we begin our transition from general chemistry into the exciting world of organic chemistry.
Alkanes get their name from the alkyl group that is composed of. Preparation of alkanes from carboxylic acids, alkyl halides. Hydrocarbons free download as powerpoint presentation. Physical properties of alkanes comparison of boiling points for alkanes and alcohols compound b. Physical properties of alkanes chemistry assignment. Solubility of alkynes alkynes like alkanes and alkenes are nonpolar. The fact that all hydrocarbon combustions are exothermic is responsible for their widespread use as fuels. Eventhough the use of them may overlaps in some cases, each of them is a compound on their own.
The diagrams representing alkanes are called structural formulas a diagram that represents how the atoms in a molecule are bonded. A hydrocarbon that contains no double bonds is called an alkane, or hydrocarbon containing only single bonds. Fluorinated and iodinated alkanes are produced by indirect methods. In organic chemistry, an alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains a carboncarbon double bond. Alkenes contain one or more carboncarbon double bonds.
One way around this is to use a condensed structural formula a listing of the atoms bonded to each c atom in a chain. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain ring structures with delocalized. For instance, a bicyclooctane that consists of a six. The uses of alkanes could be identified by looking at the number of the carbon atom inside of it. As molecules get larger, structural formulas become more and more complex. Higher alkenes and alkynes are named by counting the number of carbons in the longest continuous chain that includes the double or triple bond and appending an ene alkene or yne alkyne suffix to the stem name of the. Alkanes are the simplest and least reactive hydrocarbon species containing only carbons and. Compound composed of only carbon and hydrogen saturated hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons, c11c14, nalkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, 2% aromatics. Compound with only single bonds unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkanes are made up of exclusively carbonhydrogen bonds, and single carboncarbon bonds. Each of the carbon atoms in an alkane has sp3 hybrid orbitals and is bonded to four other atoms, each of which is either carbon or hydrogen. Hydrocarbons, c11c14, nalkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, 2% aromatics ec number. Apr 23, 2011 in this video, we begin our transition from general chemistry into the exciting world of organic chemistry. Are alkenes unsaturated hydrocarbons, or are they simply a.
Alkanes are useful as fuels and alkenes are used to make. Many of the substances with longer molecules produced from the fractional distillation of crude oil are cracked. Preparation of alkanes from unsaturated hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons, c9c11, n alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, 2% aromatics regulatory process names 1 iupac names 7 trade names 4 other identifiers 1 print infocard open brief profile. None available not a single isomer see remarks iupac name. Acyclic alkenes, with only one double bond and no other functional. An alkyl halide haloalkane is a compound resulting from the replacement of a hydrogen atom of an alkane with a halogen atom. Ethylene and acetylene are synonyms in the iupac nomenclature system for ethene and ethyne, respectively.
When alkanes are heated to high temperatures in absence of air, mixture of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons is formed. Simple alkenes are hydrocarbons, but you can also have substituted alkenes just as you can have substituted alkanes. Structure and nomenclature of hydrocarbons purdue university. The metabolites identified from ndocosane as substrate suggested that p. Alkanes saturated hydrocarbons chemistry libretexts. Alkanes are found in nature mainly in natural gas and crude oil from which they are produced on a technical scale in large amounts by distillation and extraction.
C ch 3ch 389 ch 3oh 65 ch 3ch 2 3ch 3 36 ch 3ch 2 3oh 118 ch 3ch 2 7ch 3 151 ch 3ch 2 7oh 194 ch 3ch 2 11ch 3 235 ch 3ch 2 11oh 255 ch 3ch 2 16ch 3 316 ch 3ch 2 16oh 308 note. The lewis structure of methane can be generated by combining the four electrons in the valence shell of a. A comprehensive detailed chemical kinetic reaction. Let crackochem be your personal organic chemistry video tutor.
Ants and cockroaches have nundecane which is a pheromone in their bodies 11. They are obtained primarily from natural sources such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. The alliphatics are open chain carbon compounds while alicyclic compounds are closed ring chain compounds. Analysis of hydrocarbons alkanes in oil matrix 744 t norizah halim malaysian palm oil board, ministry of plantation industries and commodities, malaysia 6, persiaran institusi, bandar baru bangi, 43000 kajang, selangor, malaysia. We will discuss the names and uses of halogenated hydrocarbons in section 12. Pristane is found in shark liver oil and also in sperm whale, lobster, zooplankton, etc. The concept of homology the series of straightchain alkanes, in which n is the number of carbons in the chain, shows a remarkably smooth gradation of. Alkane sequences form the inert framework of most organic compounds. Starting organic chemistry, but dont remember your general chemistry.
The following is a list of straightchain and branched alkanes and their common names, sorted by number of carbon atoms. A comprehensive detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanism. Alkanes such as cyclohexane, which is an important. For this reason, alkanes are not formally considered a functional group. The lewis structures and models of methane, ethane, and pentane are illustrated in. The alkanes can exist as gases, liquids, or solids at room temperature. Properties of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes introduction hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Many of the physical properties of alkenes and alkanes are similar.
Each video lesson provides an easy, yet comprehensive approach made from the student. The saturated hydrocarbons are also known as alkanes the simplest alkane is methane. A bacterial isolate, designated as dq8, was found capable of degrading diesel, crude oil, nalkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pahs in petroleum. As is true for all hydrocarbons, alkanes burn in air to produce carbon dioxide co2 and water h2o and release heat. Hydrocarbons, c9c11, nalkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, 2% aromatics regulatory process names 1 iupac names 7 trade names 4 other identifiers 1 print infocard open brief profile. Carbon chains are usually drawn as straight lines in lewis structures. As implied above, alkenes are more reactive than alkanes because they can undergo addition reactions carey ch 6. Properties of alkanes, alkenes, aromatic compounds and an. Thus members of the homologous series of alkanes differ by unit of ch 2.
The naming of polycyclic alkanes such as bicyclic alkanes and spiro alkanes is more complex, with the base name indicating the number of carbons in the ring system, a prefix indicating the number of rings e. Kerosine, boiling point 180 to 230, contains hydrocarbons from c, to c. In terms of occurrence and use, the simplest examples of alkanes are methane ch 4, the principal constituent of natural gas, ethane c 2 h 6, propane c 3 h 8, widely used as a gaseous fuel, and butane c 4 h 10, the liquid fuel in pocket lighters. The zeolites used in catalytic cracking are chosen to give high percentages of hydrocarbons with between 5 and 10 carbon atoms particularly useful for petrol gasoline. The branched alkanes make better gasoline than their con tinuouschain isomers because they give less knock in highcompression gasoline engines.
The kinetic reaction mechanism for each nalkane can be divided into a primarily high temperature mechanism in which the major alkyl radicals decompose thermally into a smaller alkyl radical and an olefin species the upper portion of fig. Physical properties of alkynes organic chemistry tutorial. The lewis structures and models of methane, ethane, and pentane are illustrated in figure 1. Alkanes crude oil, hydrocarbons and alkanes aqa gcse. Those that contain as many hydrogen atoms as possible are said to be saturated. Alkanes and alkenes are both families of hydrocarbons. Alkanes alkanes and alkenes gcse chemistry single science. Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing two or more double bonds are known as alkadienes, alkatrienes, alkatetraenes, and so on. Learn chemistry hydrocarbons alkanes with free interactive flashcards. Properties of alkanes, alkenes, aromatic compounds and an alcohol in the reactions we will perform in this experiment, hexane will be used to represent the saturated hydrocarbons, cyclohexene will be used as an unsaturated hydrocarbon, and toluene, the aromatic hydrocarbon. Alkanes can be subdivided into the following three groups. Each of the carbon atoms in an alkane has sp 3 hybrid orbitals and is bonded to four other atoms, each of which is either carbon or hydrogen.
Among hydrocarbons, alkynes have higher boiling point than alkenes and alkanes because of the presence of triple bond in alkynes. The words alkene and olefin are often used interchangeably see nomenclature section below. This means that all alkanes are lighter than water. Unsaturated hydrocarbons alkenes and alkynes react with h 2 in the presence of finely divided catalysts such as platinum, palladium or nickel to form alkanes. As a vehicle fuel in the form of liquefied natural gas lng. The combustion of 2,2,4trimethylpentane is expressed by the following chemical equation. Preparation of alkanes alkanes are referred to as the saturated hydrocarbons, that is, hydrocarbons having all carbon atoms bonded to other carbon atoms or hydrogen atoms with sigma bonds only. Methane ch4 it is used as a fuel for homes, ovens, water heaters, kilns and automobiles as it combust with oxygen to produce heat. The first four alkanes methane, ethane, propane, and butane. What hydrocarbons are what alkanes are the general formula for alkanes an example of using that general.
It is postulated that when ants sting, the alkanes help the formic acid spread through the victims contact point 12. Alkanes, or saturated hydrocarbons, contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Alkynes have higher boiling points than alkanes or alkenes, because the electric field of an alkyne, with its increased number of weakly held. Choose from 500 different sets of chemistry hydrocarbons alkanes flashcards on quizlet.
Cracking is used to convert long alkanes into shorter, more useful hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds, but they have interesting physiological effects. Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons. Includes examples from the alkane, alkene and alkyne series. Cycloalkanes are hydrocarbons whose molecules are closed rings rather than straight or branched. Click on each image to show or hide the proper name of the hydrocarbon and its molecular formula. Pristane is found in shark liver oil and also in sperm whale, lobster. Alkanes are rarely prepared from other types of compounds because of economic reasons.